Housing Condition and Amenities in India, 2008-09
The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) has released Report No. 535 titled “Housing Condition and Amenities in India, 2008-09” based on the household survey on housing condition conducted in its 65th round. The field work of the nationwide survey was carried out during July 2008 to June 2009. The report is based on the Central sample of 1,53,518 households (97,144 in rural areas and 56,374 in urban areas) surveyed from 8,130 sample villages in rural areas and 4,735 urban blocks spread over all States and Union Territories except in (i) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of a bus route and (ii) villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year.
This report presents the results based on the data on aspects of basic housing amenities available to the households, such as drinking water, bath room, sewerage, latrine, electricity, etc. and on the structural aspects of the dwelling units, like type of structure, age of the dwelling unit, condition of the dwelling unit, etc. Details of residential constructions undertaken by the households, cost of construction, etc., are also discussed.
Some important findings of the survey are given below:
1. Availability of Drinking Water Facility
· In rural areas the major source of drinking water (most often used) was ‘tube well/hand pump’ in respect of 55 per cent of households followed by ‘tap’ for 30 per cent of households.
· In urban areas, ‘tap’ was the major source of drinking water for 74 per cent of the households and ‘tube well/hand pump’ served another 18 per cent households.
· The three sources of drinking water, ‘tap’, ‘tube well/hand pump’ and ‘well’ together served nearly 97 per cent of rural households and 95 per cent of urban households.
· Nearly 86 per cent of the rural households and 91 per cent of urban households got sufficient drinking water throughout the year from the first major source.
· Shortage of drinking water set in the month of March and gradually reached a peak during May; thereafter, the situation of availability of drinking water gradually improved and by August the situation improved substantially.
· During the month of May drinking water for 13 per cent of the rural households and 8 per cent of the urban households was insufficient.
· Drinking water facility within the premises was available to nearly 41 per cent of rural households and 75 per cent of urban households.
2. Bathroom Facility
· Bathroom facility was not available to nearly 64 per cent of rural households, while in urban areas, the proportion of households with no bathroom was lower, nearly 22 per cent.
· In the rural areas, detached bathrooms were more common (23 per cent of the households) than were attached bathrooms (13 per cent of the households).
· In urban areas, a higher proportion of households (48 per cent) had attached bathroom than detached bathroom (nearly 31 per cent).
3. Sanitation Facility
· Nearly 65 per cent of rural households had no latrine facility whereas 11 per cent of urban households did not have any latrine.
· Nearly 14 per cent of the households in rural areas and 8 per cent in urban areas used pit latrine.
· In rural areas, septic tank/flush latrine was used by 18 per cent households as compared to 77 per cent households in urban areas.
4. Electricity Facility
· At the all-India level, nearly 75 per cent of the households had electricity for domestic use. While 66 per cent households in rural areas had this facility, 96 per cent in urban areas had the facility.
5. Households With Three Basic Facilities: Drinking Water Within Premises, Latrine and Electricity
· Nearly 18 per cent of rural households had all three facilities (drinking water within premises, latrine and electricity) whereas in urban areas, all three facilities were available to 68 per cent households.
6. Tenure Types
· Nearly 95 per cent of households in rural areas and 62 per cent in urban areas were residing in own dwellings.
· 3 per cent of rural households lived in hired dwellings while 30 per cent of urban households lived in hired dwellings.
· Nearly 5 per cent of the urban households had residence in employers’ quarter against slightly less than one per cent of rural households.
7. Type of Structure
· Nearly 55 per cent of the rural households and 92 per cent of the urban households lived in pucca structures.
· Nearly 28 per cent of the rural households and 6 per cent of the urban households lived in semi-pucca structures
· Nearly 2 per cent of the urban households and 17 per cent of the rural households lived in katcha structures.
8. Availability of Separate Room to Married Couples and Per Capita Floor Area
· Separate room for the married couples was available to nearly 75 per cent of households both in rural as well as in urban areas.
· Per capita floor area availability was 8.39 sq. mt. in rural areas and 9.45 sq. mt. in urban areas.
· Nearly 13 per cent of the urban households and 8 per cent of the rural households had per capita floor area of 20 sq. mt. and above.
9. Rent of Hired Accommodation
· Average monthly rent of hired dwellings (excluding employers’ quarter) per household in urban areas was Rs. 1149, that in rural areas was Rs. 560.
10. Micro Environmental Elements Surrounding the House
· Nearly 19 per cent of the households in rural areas and 6 per cent in urban areas had open katcha drainage. Nearly 57 per cent of the households in rural areas and 15 per cent in urban areas had no drainage arrangement.
· Garbage disposal arrangement was available to only 24 per cent of rural households and 79 per cent of the urban households.
· Nearly 18 per cent of the rural households and 6 per cent of the urban households had no direct opening to road.
11. Construction for Residential Purpose During Last 365 days
· Nearly 12 per cent households in rural areas and 4 per cent households in urban areas undertook constructions during the last 365 days preceding the date of survey of their households.
· Among rural households, nearly 11 per cent completed constructions and 1 per cent undertook constructions which were in-progress.
· In urban areas, nearly 4 per cent households completed constructions and less than 1 per cent undertook constructions which were in-progress.
· On an average, each reporting household, both in rural and urban areas, undertook only one construction activity.
· Average cost per completed construction was nearly Rs. 27,000 in rural areas and, nearly Rs. 58,000 in urban areas. Construction includes preparation of site, new building, addition of floor space and alteration, improvement and major repair of existing building.
· Average cost of constructions that were in-progress was nearly Rs. 82,000 in rural areas against nearly Rs. 1,53,000 in urban areas.
· Nearly 72 per cent of the completed constructions in rural areas and 71 per cent in urban areas were of the type alteration /improvement/ major repair.
· In both rural and urban areas, nearly 14 per cent of the constructions related to new building.
· In rural areas, for nearly 9 per cent of the completed constructions some amount was financed from institutional agencies, while in urban areas it was for nearly 11 per cent of the constructions.
· Financing from non-institutional agencies was almost of the same order in both rural and urban areas: in rural areas nearly 27 per cent of the constructions had some amount financed from non-institutional agencies while it was nearly 26 per cent in urban areas.
· In both the rural and urban areas, financing of the cost of construction from own sources had dominant share in total cost of completed constructions: in rural areas nearly 66 per cent of the total cost of completed constructions was financed from own sources which was nearly 61 per cent in urban areas.
· In rural areas, nearly 18 per cent of the total cost of completed constructions was financed from institutional agencies and nearly 17 per cent from non-institutional agencies.
· In urban areas, nearly 25 per cent of the total cost of completed constructions was financed from institutional agencies and 15 per cent from non-institutional agencies.
The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) has released Report No. 535 titled “Housing Condition and Amenities in India, 2008-09” based on the household survey on housing condition conducted in its 65th round. The field work of the nationwide survey was carried out during July 2008 to June 2009. The report is based on the Central sample of 1,53,518 households (97,144 in rural areas and 56,374 in urban areas) surveyed from 8,130 sample villages in rural areas and 4,735 urban blocks spread over all States and Union Territories except in (i) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of a bus route and (ii) villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year.
This report presents the results based on the data on aspects of basic housing amenities available to the households, such as drinking water, bath room, sewerage, latrine, electricity, etc. and on the structural aspects of the dwelling units, like type of structure, age of the dwelling unit, condition of the dwelling unit, etc. Details of residential constructions undertaken by the households, cost of construction, etc., are also discussed.
Some important findings of the survey are given below:
1. Availability of Drinking Water Facility
· In rural areas the major source of drinking water (most often used) was ‘tube well/hand pump’ in respect of 55 per cent of households followed by ‘tap’ for 30 per cent of households.
· In urban areas, ‘tap’ was the major source of drinking water for 74 per cent of the households and ‘tube well/hand pump’ served another 18 per cent households.
· The three sources of drinking water, ‘tap’, ‘tube well/hand pump’ and ‘well’ together served nearly 97 per cent of rural households and 95 per cent of urban households.
· Nearly 86 per cent of the rural households and 91 per cent of urban households got sufficient drinking water throughout the year from the first major source.
· Shortage of drinking water set in the month of March and gradually reached a peak during May; thereafter, the situation of availability of drinking water gradually improved and by August the situation improved substantially.
· During the month of May drinking water for 13 per cent of the rural households and 8 per cent of the urban households was insufficient.
· Drinking water facility within the premises was available to nearly 41 per cent of rural households and 75 per cent of urban households.
2. Bathroom Facility
· Bathroom facility was not available to nearly 64 per cent of rural households, while in urban areas, the proportion of households with no bathroom was lower, nearly 22 per cent.
· In the rural areas, detached bathrooms were more common (23 per cent of the households) than were attached bathrooms (13 per cent of the households).
· In urban areas, a higher proportion of households (48 per cent) had attached bathroom than detached bathroom (nearly 31 per cent).
3. Sanitation Facility
· Nearly 65 per cent of rural households had no latrine facility whereas 11 per cent of urban households did not have any latrine.
· Nearly 14 per cent of the households in rural areas and 8 per cent in urban areas used pit latrine.
· In rural areas, septic tank/flush latrine was used by 18 per cent households as compared to 77 per cent households in urban areas.
4. Electricity Facility
· At the all-India level, nearly 75 per cent of the households had electricity for domestic use. While 66 per cent households in rural areas had this facility, 96 per cent in urban areas had the facility.
5. Households With Three Basic Facilities: Drinking Water Within Premises, Latrine and Electricity
· Nearly 18 per cent of rural households had all three facilities (drinking water within premises, latrine and electricity) whereas in urban areas, all three facilities were available to 68 per cent households.
6. Tenure Types
· Nearly 95 per cent of households in rural areas and 62 per cent in urban areas were residing in own dwellings.
· 3 per cent of rural households lived in hired dwellings while 30 per cent of urban households lived in hired dwellings.
· Nearly 5 per cent of the urban households had residence in employers’ quarter against slightly less than one per cent of rural households.
7. Type of Structure
· Nearly 55 per cent of the rural households and 92 per cent of the urban households lived in pucca structures.
· Nearly 28 per cent of the rural households and 6 per cent of the urban households lived in semi-pucca structures
· Nearly 2 per cent of the urban households and 17 per cent of the rural households lived in katcha structures.
8. Availability of Separate Room to Married Couples and Per Capita Floor Area
· Separate room for the married couples was available to nearly 75 per cent of households both in rural as well as in urban areas.
· Per capita floor area availability was 8.39 sq. mt. in rural areas and 9.45 sq. mt. in urban areas.
· Nearly 13 per cent of the urban households and 8 per cent of the rural households had per capita floor area of 20 sq. mt. and above.
9. Rent of Hired Accommodation
· Average monthly rent of hired dwellings (excluding employers’ quarter) per household in urban areas was Rs. 1149, that in rural areas was Rs. 560.
10. Micro Environmental Elements Surrounding the House
· Nearly 19 per cent of the households in rural areas and 6 per cent in urban areas had open katcha drainage. Nearly 57 per cent of the households in rural areas and 15 per cent in urban areas had no drainage arrangement.
· Garbage disposal arrangement was available to only 24 per cent of rural households and 79 per cent of the urban households.
· Nearly 18 per cent of the rural households and 6 per cent of the urban households had no direct opening to road.
11. Construction for Residential Purpose During Last 365 days
· Nearly 12 per cent households in rural areas and 4 per cent households in urban areas undertook constructions during the last 365 days preceding the date of survey of their households.
· Among rural households, nearly 11 per cent completed constructions and 1 per cent undertook constructions which were in-progress.
· In urban areas, nearly 4 per cent households completed constructions and less than 1 per cent undertook constructions which were in-progress.
· On an average, each reporting household, both in rural and urban areas, undertook only one construction activity.
· Average cost per completed construction was nearly Rs. 27,000 in rural areas and, nearly Rs. 58,000 in urban areas. Construction includes preparation of site, new building, addition of floor space and alteration, improvement and major repair of existing building.
· Average cost of constructions that were in-progress was nearly Rs. 82,000 in rural areas against nearly Rs. 1,53,000 in urban areas.
· Nearly 72 per cent of the completed constructions in rural areas and 71 per cent in urban areas were of the type alteration /improvement/ major repair.
· In both rural and urban areas, nearly 14 per cent of the constructions related to new building.
· In rural areas, for nearly 9 per cent of the completed constructions some amount was financed from institutional agencies, while in urban areas it was for nearly 11 per cent of the constructions.
· Financing from non-institutional agencies was almost of the same order in both rural and urban areas: in rural areas nearly 27 per cent of the constructions had some amount financed from non-institutional agencies while it was nearly 26 per cent in urban areas.
· In both the rural and urban areas, financing of the cost of construction from own sources had dominant share in total cost of completed constructions: in rural areas nearly 66 per cent of the total cost of completed constructions was financed from own sources which was nearly 61 per cent in urban areas.
· In rural areas, nearly 18 per cent of the total cost of completed constructions was financed from institutional agencies and nearly 17 per cent from non-institutional agencies.
· In urban areas, nearly 25 per cent of the total cost of completed constructions was financed from institutional agencies and 15 per cent from non-institutional agencies.
No comments:
Post a Comment